參考文獻

以下文獻涵蓋童年創傷與 CPTSD 的核心研究領域，並按主題分類整理。本頁目前收錄 155 筆參考資料，採接近 APA 格式呈現。

Foundational Works

Walker, P. (2013). Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving: A Guide and Map for Recovering from Childhood Trauma. Azure Coyote.

van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking.

Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence — From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss (Vols. 1–3). Basic Books.

Porges, S. W. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-Regulation. W. W. Norton.

Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. Other Press.

Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., Giller, E. L., Siever, L. J., & Binder-Brynes, K. (1998). Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder characteristics of Holocaust survivors and their adult offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(6), 841–843.

Polyvagal Theory & Neuroception

Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 116–143.

Porges, S. W. (2021). Polyvagal theory: A science of safety. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 16, 871227.

Dana, D. (2018). The Polyvagal Theory in Therapy: Engaging the Rhythm of Regulation. W. W. Norton.

Structural Dissociation

van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Steele, K. (2006). The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization. W. W. Norton.

Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (2015). The Trinity of Trauma: Ignorance, Fragility, and Control. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

ICD-11 CPTSD

World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11: International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. WHO.

Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 20706.

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., ... & Cloitre, M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 trauma questionnaire. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 181–187.

Attachment Theory

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective Development in Infancy (pp. 95–124). Ablex.

Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

Neuroscience & Epigenetics

McEwen, B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87(3), 873–904.

Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016). The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(10), 652–666.

McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., ... & Meaney, M. J. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 12(3), 342–348.

Finlay S, Suvarna B, Adegboye O, Rudd D, McDermott B, van Eijk L, Sarnyai Z (2026). Hair cortisol concentration and adolescent mental health: Insight from the Queensland Twin Adolescent Brain Project. Psychoneuroendocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107730

Ruiz-Fernandez J, Aouidad A, Paillère Martinot ML, Chavanne AV, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Becker A, Bokde ALW, Brühl R, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Grimmer Y, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Insensee C, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Penttilä J, Poutska L, Holz N, Baeuchl C, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Vaidya N, van Noort B, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Cohen D, Martinot JL, Artiges E (2026). Persistent structural alteration of the extended limbic system in adolescents with childhood maltreatment. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10111

Bertollo AG, Puntel CF, Rievers HFB, Brunhara EGS, Ignácio ZM (2026). Neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms linking early life stress to the pathogenesis of eating disorders. Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.01.008

Alkema A, Schalkwijk W, Bohte E, Draisma L, Hoppe A, Koch C, Refuge V, Romberg B, Luykx JJ, Jans JJM, Cahn W, Regeer E, Boks MPM (2026). S-adenosylmethionine as an epigenetic treatment of depression in adults with childhood trauma. Epigenomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501911.2026.2645001

Ciciurkaite G, Lee B, Peng S, Fekete M, Mitchell C, Perry BL (2026). Psychosocial stressors, accelerated biological aging, and multiple morbidities: Evidence from an age-diverse sample. PloS one. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0343987

Westlin C, Guthrie AJ, Bleier C, Finkelstein SA, Maggio J, Ranford J, MacLean J, Godena E, Millstein D, Freeburn J, Adams C, Stephen CD, Diez I, Perez DL, Katsumi Y (2026). Functional Connectivity Gradients Reveal Altered Hierarchical Cortical Organization in Functional Neurological Disorder. Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.10.010

Hussain A, Baird CL, Huggins AA, Russell CC, Sun D, Rangel-Jimenez L, Abdallah CG, Angstadt M, May G, Berg H, Blackford JU, Cisler J, Daniels JK, Davenport ND, Davidson RJ, Densmore M, Disner SG, El-Hage W, Etkin A, Fani N, Frijling JL, Gordon EM, Grupe DW, Herringa RA, Herzog JI, Hofmann D, Hudson AR, Jovanovic T, King A, Koch SBJ, Lanius RA, Lazarov A, Li G, Liberzon I, Lissek S, Lu G, Manthey A, Maron-Katz A, McLaughlin KA, Mueller SC, Nawijn L, Nelson SM, Neria Y, Neufeld RWJ, Nitschke JB, Olatunji BO, Olff M, Peverill M, Qi R, Quidé Y, Ravid O, Rektor I, Ressler KJ, Říha P, Ross M, Sambrook K, Schmahl C, Sierk A, Sponheim SR, Stevens JS, Straube T, Suarez-Jimenez B, Théberge J, van der Wee NJA, van der Werff SJA, van Rooij SJH, van Zuiden M, Veltman DJ, Vermeiren RRJM, Walter H, Wang L, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Zilcha-Mano S, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Morey RA (2026). Lower Gyrification of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An ENIGMA-PTSD Study. Biological psychiatry global open science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100679

Panayi P, Varese F, Peters E, Bentall R, Hardy A, Berry K, Sellwood W, Underwood R, Steel C, Mason L, Elliott R (2026). Investigating the neuroanatomical underpinnings of complex PTSD in people with psychosis. Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2026.112182

Daredia S, Khodasevich D, Bozack AK, de la Rosa R, Kogut KR, Holland N, Eskenazi B, Deardorff J, Cardenas A (2026). Long-term molecular embedding of early life adversity: leukocyte DNA methylation and gene expression associations from childhood to young adulthood. Epigenomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501911.2026.2694424

Lipschutz R, Dahlgren K, Santos J, Chambers K, McAfee E, Abrams C, Merrill N, Brennan PA, Rilling JK, Michopoulos V, Powers A, Stevens JS (2026). Neural Correlates of Maternal Posttraumatic Stress in the First Postpartum Year: Blunted Salience and Prefrontal Responses to Infant Distress. Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.04.009

Ng E, Elias GJB, Germann J, Boutet A, Rizvi S, Lozano AM, Kennedy SH, Giacobbe P (2026). Impact of childhood adversity on deep brain stimulation outcomes for treatment resistant depression. Psychiatry research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117007

Moog NK, Al-Ali K, Rasmussen JM, Miller RK, Barrett ES, Graham AM, Fair DA, Tivarus ME, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Simhan HN, O'Connor TG, Styner M, Buss C (2026). Maternal depression with and without a history of childhood maltreatment and newborn white matter microstructure. Psychological medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291726103468

Xu J, Valencia Osorio S, Henry MK, Sotardi S, Wood JN, Seidlitz J, Alexander-Bloch A, Catalano J, Chaiyachati BH (2026). Subarachnoid space in infancy and early childhood: a systematic review of measurements. Pediatric radiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-026-06640-z

Lim TE, Reay WR, Gustin SM, Quidé Y (2026). Chronic Pain and Differential Brain Morphology Alterations of Childhood Maltreatment, Trauma Exposure in Adulthood, and Their Cumulative Effects in the UK Biobank. Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.04.002

Russell H, Angus G, Singleton S, Bell CG, Hales TG (2026). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on DNA methylation age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical epigenetics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-025-02047-z

Mayanagi T, Yagi J, Ohmomo H, Akasaka M, Fukumoto K, Chiba S, Komaki S, Shimizu A, Yanbe T, Uchide M, Yoshioka Y, Ogawa K, Ishikawa C, Minabe S, Ito J, Ono K, Kaneko N, Sobue K (2026). Inter-individual differentially methylated region-targeted EWAS reveals epigenetic signatures of early childhood adversity. Epigenomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501911.2026.2613008

P. Ramos (2026). Transgenerational Epigenetics and Colonial 'Nutritional Trauma': Biology as a Historical Record of Oppression. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2026.25.2.0100

Wang HR, Liu ZQ, Pozzi E, Hussain A, Sigar P, Abdallah C, Alexander N, Baker J, Bauer J, Blackford JU, Cisler J, Connolly CG, Cotton A, Daniels J, Dannlowski U, Densmore M, deRoon-Cassini T, Dima D, Du Plessis S, Etkin A, Fani N, Fisch L, Fitzgerald J, Frodl T, Fu CHY, Gonul AS, Gordon EM, Gotlib IH, Goya-Maldonado R, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Hahn T, Hamilton JP, Han LKM, Harpaz-Rotem I, Haswell CC, Herringa R, Herzog J, Ipser J, Jahanshad N, Jovanovic T, Kaufman M, Kircher T, Konowski M, Koopowitz SM, Krug A, Krystal J, Lanius R, Larson C, Lazarov A, Lebois L, Leehr E, Levy I, Li M, Manthey A, Maron-Katz A, McIntosh AM, McLaughlin KA, Meinert S, Mwangi B, Nelson SM, Nenadić I, Neria Y, Neufeld R, Ojha A, Olatunji BO, Olson EA, Opel N, Peverill M, Ressler K, Ross M, Rosso I, Sacchet MD, Sambrook K, Schmahl C, Seedat S, Shenton ME, Sicorello M, Sierk A, Soares JC, Stein DJ, Stein F, Stein MB, Suarez-Jimenez B, Théberge J, Thomopoulos SI, Tomas C, Usemann P, van den Heuvel LL, van Rooij SJH, Walter H, Walter M, Wang X, Whalley HC, Winter NR, Wu MJ, Xie H, Yang TT, Zhu X, Zilcha-Mano S, Zunta-Soares GB, Frangou S, Thompson PM, Salminen L, Sun D, Morey R, Stevens JS, Schmaal L, Ho TC (2026). Childhood Maltreatment and Deviations From Normative Brain Structure: A Mega-Analysis of 3711 Individuals From the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder and ENIGMA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Working Groups. Biological psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.016

Vazquez AY, Lamis DA (2026). Childhood maltreatment moderates associations between SKA2 DNA methylation and suicidal ideation in african american adults with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117293

Paolini M, Raffaelli L, Bettonagli V, Lorenzi C, Spadini S, Bravi B, Fortaner-Uyà L, Gulino G, Fabbri C, Serretti A, Zanardi R, Colombo C, Benedetti F, Poletti S (2026). Different effect of adverse childhood experiences on white matter microstructure in major depression and bipolar disorder: moderating role of genetic liability. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.11.011

Pipelias P, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Pervanidou P (2026). Early Life Stress and Adversity in Children: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms, Epigenetic Regulation, and Lifespan Developmental Outcomes-A Narrative Review. Children (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/children13060802

Mitchell O, Connaughton M, Kelly JR, Harkin A, Roddy DW, Aas M (2026). Depression and aging: insights from brain age prediction models. Psychological medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291726104851

Caudle MM, Simmons AN, Moore RC, Thomas ML, Bomyea J (2026). The association between childhood maltreatment and neural functioning during a working memory task in adults with internalizing disorders. Brain imaging and behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-026-01120-2

Shrout MR, Wilson SJ, Renna ME, Madison AA, Leonard MJ, Christian LM, Epel ES, Burd CE, Lin J, Molli SH, Broich K, Brown KC, Swarens A, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2026). The Compounding Risks of Early Life Adversity and Couples' Later Life Conflicts in Biological Aging. Biopsychosocial science and medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000001490

Pasion R, Amaoui S, Paiva TO, Macedo I, Bourbon-Teles J, Duarte JV, Pinto TM, Costa R, Lamela D, Jongenelen I, Ribeiro J, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Lemaitre H, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Holz N, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Vaidya N, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G (2026). Do white matter microstructural alterations associated with childhood maltreatment explain psychopathology in early adulthood?-a longitudinal neuroimaging study. European child & adolescent psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02864-w

J. Faraji, Nicola A. Schatz, Stephanie E. King, N. Soltanpour, Gerlinde A. S. Metz (2025). Sex-dependent biobehavioural responses to transgenerational maternal stress: evidence of stress resilience and vulnerability in the F3 generation. Environmental Epigenetics; volume=11. https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvaf031

Parks KC, Buthmann JL, Teh AL, Chen L, Chen HY, Gotlib IH (2025). Maternal history of maltreatment interacts with DNA methylation patterns to predict infant temperament. Child abuse & neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107650

Luo Q, Xu Q, Liao J, Zhu L, Liang X, Lin X, Xia J, Peng H (2025). Regional and interregional brain functional abnormalities in major depressive disorder with childhood maltreatment. BMC psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07556-y

Merrill LC, Robinson M, Ortiz-Jimenez A, Francis D, DeMaster D, Barry K, Bick J (2025). Maternal Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated With Young Children's White Matter Microstructure; Evidence for Intergenerational Neurobiological Embedding of Early Life Adversity?. Developmental psychobiology. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.70095

Tie B, Yao S, Gao Y, Xu YV, Briley DA, Wang Y, He J, Qiu J (2025). Connectome-based predictive modeling of longitudinal development of muscularity-oriented disordered eating and links with childhood maltreatment. Body image. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101984

ACE Study & Epidemiology

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., ... & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.

Gomis-Pomares A, Cantero-García M, Sarmento-Henrique R, Doval S (2026). Is there more to the story? The added predictive value of expanded Adverse Childhood Experiences in maternal mental health during pregnancy. Midwifery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2026.104783

Senich KL, Toure O, Gresko SA, Agwaze R, Sheftall A, Cero I (2026). Moderating Effects of Adolescent Social Network on the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors. Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2026.2698805

Kessemeier F, Karst M, Meinzer M, Webering C, Gutenbrunner C, Bassler M (2026). Past wounds, present pain: Adverse childhood experiences and their associations with clinically relevant pain and mental health among inpatients in an interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program. Journal of psychosomatic research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112860

Moore CR, Veliz PT, Chen B, Lim C, Stoddard SA (2026). Individual Contributions of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adolescent Substance Use. Substance use & misuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2026.2679709

Jin L, Xia H, Sun L (2026). Global research landscape, knowledge structure, and emerging trends in adverse childhood experiences and personality disorders: a bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1842315

de Arellano A, Tucker A, de Arellano A, Rother Y, Mann C, Butler L, Albaugh M, Allgaier N, Garavan H, Potter A, Johnson M, Hunt E, Gonçalves P, Flory K (2026). Understanding adverse childhood experiences within the first decade of the ABCD study: A systematic review. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101740

Xiaowei Zheng, Zidan Zhai, Wenyang Han, Yiqun Li, M. Jiang, X. Ren, Wenyan Wu, Kaixin Zhang (2026). The association between adverse childhood experiences and successful aging among older people in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Journal of Health Psychology; pages=3668 - 3678; volume=31. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053251405162

Connon E, Park HRP, Turner RM, Williams LM, Gatt JM (2026). Strengths-based resilience: the biopsychosocial factors that differentiate 12-year mental well-being trajectories following adverse childhood experiences. Psychological medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291726104784

Wen Y, Liu M, Li Y, Li Y, Yao Y, Weng X, Zhao S, Wang L, Guo N (2026). Patterns of adverse and positive childhood experiences on prenatal mental health outcomes in Chinese pregnant women: A latent class analysis. Child abuse & neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108145

Thurston C, Murray AL, Franchino-Olsen H, Asghar K, Meinck F (2026). Patterns of contextually sensitive adverse childhood experiences and associations with adult mental health outcomes in a longitudinal South African community sample: a latent class analysis. Child abuse & neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108121

Xie H, Davidson L, Hamdan RM, Shih CH, Gao W, Wall JT, McCullumsmith RE, Wang X (2026). Pre-trauma hair cortisol moderates adverse childhood experience and hypothalamic volume effects on stress symptoms after adult trauma. Translational psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03901-1

Shi-Yu Xie, Siying Yu, Yue Ma, Jing Luo, Yonghui Zhang, Rui Wang, Yafei Wang, Yuling Wang, Xueqiang Wang (2026). Association of adverse childhood experiences with health service use and catastrophic health expenditures in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine; volume=31. https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.25-00012

Yayla İE, Makas S, Dombak K, Bekir S, Çelik E, Arpaci I, Baloglu M (2026). Adverse childhood experiences and problematic gambling among young adults: a moderated serial mediation analysis. Scientific reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-59889-7

Nakanishi M, DeVylder J, Knowles G, Hasegawa M, Richards M, Nishida A (2026). Adverse childhood experiences, early menopause, cognition, and dementia in older adults in the United States. Communications health. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44528-026-00003-8

Martinez-Torteya C, Muzik M, Lee S, Levendosky A, Bogat GA, Lonstein JS, Nuttall AK (2026). Adverse Childhood Experiences Increase Vulnerability for Maternal-Infant Bonding Impairment: Examining Psychological and Neuroendocrine Mediational Processes. Psychodynamic psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2026.54.2.228

Martín-Estal I, Rojas DL, Díaz-Gómez JL, Del Rio-Pascual AJ, Rodríguez-de-Ita J, Castorena-Torres F (2026). Adverse childhood experiences and neuroendocrine biomarker changes in Mexican preschool children. Psychoneuroendocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107685

Palmer SA, Shyr C, Morley T, Shelley J, Han L, Simmons J, Bejan C, Walsh C, Ruderfer DM (2026). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Growth Outcomes in Childhood: A Longitudinal EHR-Based Study. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.15.26355527

Zhang Y, Li C, Wu Z, Cao Y, Shi Z (2026). Association of adverse childhood experiences and gastrointestinal and liver diseases among middle-aged and elderly adults in China. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796026100729

Tran HGN, Morgan J, Major-Smith D (2026). A life-course approach to the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and mental health in a longitudinal UK birth cohort (ALSPAC). Longitudinal and life course studies : international journal. https://doi.org/10.1332/17579597Y2026D000000085

Moore CR, Veliz PT, Miller AL, Pilkauskas NV, Herrenkohl TI, Stoddard SA (2026). Individual and Interactive Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Household Income on Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Symptoms. Research in nursing & health. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.70107

Woonkaew W, Jongbowonwiwat K, Pitanupong J, Pitanupong T, Saelim N (2026). Adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms among Thai medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-05044-w

Xiang L, Jian Y, Li JJ, Zhang D, Meng W, Chen J, Xie B, Cai Y, Li L (2026). Adverse childhood experiences, family functioning, and duration of untreated illness among adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders: A nationwide study in China. Psychiatry research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117271

ICD-11 CPTSD Diagnosis

Kerbage H, Bui E, Revet A, Denis H, Purper-Ouakil D, Rolling J (2026). Posttraumatic stress disorder from early childhood to late adolescence: a resilience-oriented approach to prevention, diagnosis, and clinical management. Discover mental health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00488-3

Moreira A, Osório F, Pacheco J, Moura A, Henriques MR, Rocha JC (2026). The International Trauma Questionnaire Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ-CA) in Portuguese: validation for children at risk. European journal of psychotraumatology. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2638114

Lay CM, Yuan GF, Lam SKK, Reyes MES, Jaya ES, Mukhtar F, Lian AEZ, Derin G, Bengwasan PD, Kuriala GK, Uludag K, Hartanto S, Dewantary NI, Novrianto R, Leung CSY, Fung HW (2026). Psychometric evaluation of the preference to avoid self-experiences (PASE) scale: Cross-cultural validity and associations with complex PTSD and dissociation in an international female sample. Journal of psychiatric research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.023

Lu W, Wang K, Mueser KT, Jia Y, Robinson M, Rogers K, Siriram A, Yanos PT, Srijeyanthan J, Tong T, Gottlieb J, Silverstein SM (2026). Complex PTSD among persons with serious mental illness receiving community mental health services. Journal of mental health (Abingdon, England). https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2025.2585203

Lee D, King D, Kirby JN (2026). Compassion Focused Therapy to Address Shame and Guilt: A Case Study of a Client With Complex PTSD. Journal of clinical psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.70145

Pejušković B, Lero M, Pavlović V, Arsenijević M, Ilić M, Pešić D (2026). ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD in Serbia: clinical validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire. European journal of psychotraumatology. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2646128

Jiaying Xu M, Zhao C, Qin H, Ye H, Wang W, Xu H (2026). Diagnostic comparisons of PTSD and complex PTSD in clinical adolescents: Detection rates and ACEs as risk factors. European journal of psychotraumatology. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2685473

Clinical Interventions

Orovou E, Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou M, Rigas N, Sarantaki A (2026). Mapping the Relationship Between Post-Traumatic Stress and Post-Traumatic Growth and the Mediating Role of Resilience. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70249

Erdoğan-Yıldırım Z, Karaca S, Demir FC, Deke Z (2026). Invisible traces after traffic accidents: Psychological and behavioral consequences of physical Injuries. Injury. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2026.113277

Rosner R, Pfeiffer E, Thielemann JFB, Eglinsky J, Garbade M, Kasparik B, Keller J, Müller LRF, Sachser C (2026). Mental health care for unaccompanied young refugees in Germany through a stepped care approach versus enhanced usual care: a cluster-randomised hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial. The Lancet. Global health. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(26)00055-0

Fan H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yang K, Wang Y, Yang X (2026). Peer-delivered combined EMD and imagery rescripting for traumatized Chinese university students: a RCT. European journal of psychotraumatology. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2686577

Gopalan G, Kerns S, Horen MJ, Lowe J (2026). Partnering for Success: Provider Perspectives of an Inter-agency Initiative between Child Welfare and Mental Health Systems. Administration and policy in mental health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-026-01489-8

Mattelin E, Weyler H, Andersson R, Paulsen J, Tielman S, Vikgren A, Bondjers K, Serlachius E, Mataix-Cols D, Bragesjö M (2026). Feasibility and acceptability of therapist-guided, asynchronous, internet-delivered trauma-focused CBT for adolescents with PTSD: a single-group feasibility trial in Sweden. BMJ open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-117024

Guerrini Usubini A, Manzoni GM, Pietrabissa G, Nicolazzi C, Caretti A, Merlini C, Villa V, Sartorio A, Castelnuovo G (2026). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of inpatients with obesity, binge eating disorder, and traumatic experiences: a randomized controlled trial. Research in psychotherapy (Milano). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2026.886

Asgari Z (2026). Healing the Invisible Wounds: A Narrative Review of Trauma-Focused Interventions for War-Affected Children and Adolescents. Journal of child & adolescent trauma. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-025-00802-1

Davariniamotlaghquchan A, Niazmand Z, Shafiee M, Ostadtaghizadeh A (2026). Impacts of climate change on mental health and its underlying mechanisms: an umbrella review. Annals of general psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-026-00668-z

Johnson C, Kiche S, Mbwayo A, Okoth DA, Nyaboke OA, Testorf A, Dahiya P, Dorsey S (2026). Impact of social risk factors on TF-CBT engagement and strategies to mitigate the impact: A qualitative analysis. PLOS mental health. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000499

Braathu N, Birkeland MS, Tveter L, Skar AS, Ormhaug SM, Jensen TK (2026). Scaling Up Evidence-Based Treatments: An Analysis of 25,000 Sessions of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) in Routine Care. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2026.04.012

Çınaroğlu M, Yılmazer E, Ülker SV, Sayar GH (2026). Remote EMDR versus CBT for PTSD after the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a randomized trial. Frontiers in psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1779057

Garnsey CL, Park CL, Magin ZE, Russell BS, Milan S (2026). Self-compassion as a shield? Investigating self-compassion's prospective role in buffering the effects of traumatic and negative life events. Anxiety, stress, and coping. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2025.2539169

Velu ME, de Roos C, van der Aa N, Jongedijk R, Lindauer R, Mooren T (2026). Trauma-focused treatments for refugee children and adolescents with PTSD: a three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of EMDR and KIDNET versus a waitlist control group (the KIEM study). Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-026-01118-0

McGillivray CJ, Brotto G, Stapleton P, Patching A, Ronken C, Le Sech K (2026). The effect of posttraumatic cognitions on PTSD in nonoffending parents of child sexual abuse: The aggravating role of negative self-compassion and emotive regulation. Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0002155

Haddad RH, Abuejheisheh AJ, Abuhashish YH, Hamdan-Mansour AM (2026). Psychiatric nurse-delivered Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for adults with moderate to severe post-traumatic stress symptoms in Jordan: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. BMC nursing. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-026-05068-y

Duong LA, Lane E, Woodard G, Phillips D, Casline E, Patel-Syed Z, Tune AC, Adams K, Hollander K, Ramirez V, Jensen-Doss A (2026). Predictors of Engagement in Learning Collaboratives for Youth with Trauma: A Replication and Extension. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2026.2620391

Boyd DC, Steadman DW, Marzani GR, Andersen V (2026). Recognizing and mitigating the effects of occupational exposure to traumatic death in forensic anthropology. Journal of forensic sciences. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.70246

Deblinger E, Pollio E, P Harrison J, Cooper B, L Martelli F, Schuler N, Steer R (2026). Refining the PRACTICE Course for Trauma Professionals Across Organizational Roles to Enhance well-being and TF-CBT Competency. Journal of child & adolescent trauma. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-025-00787-x

Cavalera C, Incerti A, Fernandez I, Jarero I, Mainthow N, Pagnini F (2026). Reducing trauma-related parental stress in neurodevelopmental disorders: a randomized feasibility study. European journal of pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-026-06848-z

Lassen ER, Birkeland MS, Egeland K, Stene LE, Brodersen D, Ekornås B, Reinholdt NP, Kjerstad E, Lamu AN, Aarons GA, Crable EL, Bragesjö M, Bækkelund H (2026). Early Support after Exposure to Trauma (EASE): protocol for a hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an internet-based intervention for PTSD prevention. Trials. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-026-09502-z

Wallin L, Svedin CG, Dennhag I (2026). Blended Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With Compassion for Adolescents With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial in Northern Sweden. JMIR research protocols. https://doi.org/10.2196/92270

Jackson PL, Saunders P, Mizzi S, Hallam KT (2026). Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy in reducing infertility distress in women: a community-based randomised crossover trial protocol. BMJ open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-104683

Çimen F, Seçer İ (2026). Effectiveness of a Parent-Child Interaction Therapy-Based Trauma-Focused Interaction Module for Trauma-Exposed Children: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70263

Hatoum AH, Richard K, Burton AL, Rieger E, Touyz S, Abbott MJ (2026). A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy for Adults With Binge-Eating Disorder. The International journal of eating disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.70056

Habibi N, Basharpoor S, Atadokht A, Narimani M, Hatami Varzaneh A (2026). A mixed-methods study of the development and evaluation of an Internal Family Systems (IFS)-based group intervention for post-traumatic cognitions and fear of compassion among trauma-exposed adolescents in Out-of-Home Care (OOHC). Child abuse & neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108140

Kaplow J, Alvis L, Oosterhoff B (2026). Assessing and Treating Childhood Traumatic Loss. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2025.11.012

Khan A, Madihie AB, Haider M, Haider S, Khan R, Bahadar A (2026). Adapting and testing of DeprEnd EMDR therapy for major depressive disorder: a study protocol of mixed method randomized controlled trial. Trials. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-026-09543-4

Thellier-Francois J, Binda D, Nicolier M, Haffen E, Maillot MC, Pretalli JB, Martin E, Bennabi D (2026). Effectiveness of hypnosis in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). L'Encephale. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2025.12.002

Kurtoğlu MB (2026). Exploring the relationship between post-earthquake trauma, post-traumatic growth, and self-compassion. Journal of health psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053261464387

Emotion Regulation & Dissociation

Legendre M, Garon-Bissonnette J, Lemieux A, Lemieux R, Gamache D, Berthelot N (2026). Mentalizing trauma and emotion regulation differentiate resilient and vulnerable profiles in pregnant women exposed to childhood maltreatment. Journal of affective disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.122267

Geng F, Guo R, Xiong X, Wang J (2026). Intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Exploring the serial mediating role of parenting styles and early adolescent emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of affective disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121973

Liu L, Lin Y (2026). Personality traits and cortical structure link childhood maltreatment to impulsivity. European journal of psychotraumatology. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2684215

Thomson P, Jaque SV (2026). Multidimensional Dissociation, Shame, Trauma and Ethnicity. Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD). https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2026.2674552

Vásquez-Romero A, Pérez-Lara CM (2026). Impact of alexithymia as a mediator in the relationship between early traumatic experiences and emotion regulation difficulties in young adults. Frontiers in psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1866103

Moen AB, Hummelen B, Moen E, Dammen T, Melle I, Strand D, Woods D, Grøtte T (2026). Trichotillomania and skin-picking disorder: associations with childhood maltreatment and the mediating role of depressive symptoms. BMC psychology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-05193-y

Christiansen SC, Baker DG, Zuraw BL (2026). Hereditary angioedema and post traumatic stress disorder: a reciprocal relationship?. Orphanet journal of rare diseases. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-026-04403-5

Jenkins D, Pirro T, Giannouli V, Wadji DL, Seedat S, Spies G, Martin-Sölch C (2026). The relationship between age of first exposure and posttraumatic symptoms: results from the global psychotrauma screen. European journal of psychotraumatology. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2672797

Fung HW, Lam SKK, Lay CM, Cheung CTY, Reyes MES, Jaya ES, Mukhtar F, Lian AEZ, Derin G, Bengwasan PD, Kuriala GK, Uludag K, Hartanto S, Dewantary NI, Novrianto R, Li Y, Wong MYC, Huang SY, Zatopek A, Chien WT, Yuan GF (2026). The protective role of social support against dissociative symptoms: Longitudinal findings from two international survey projects. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-026-03105-4

Federica VC, Carolina P, Luciana C, Anna CF, Elena T, Francesco M, Erica P (2026). Trauma Symptoms as a Bridge: Linking Early Adversities to Interpersonal Risk Profiles for Victimization and Perpetration in Women. Clinical neuropsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20260306

Froelich JM, Ringenary HL, Cherry KE, Wamser RA, Gerstein ED (2026). The roles of paternal emotion dysregulation and maltreatment history on child emotion socialization. Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0002227

Hinchey LM, Abelson JL (2026). Sex-specific mechanisms of childhood trauma-related HPA axis dysregulation: Insights across four regulatory probes. Psychoneuroendocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107951

Guthrie SL, Karatzias T, Shevlin M, Bak-Klimek A, Woodrow A (2026). Psychological mediators of the associations between adverse and benevolent childhood experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of traumatic stress. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.70098

Oprel DAC, Hoeboer CM, de Kleine RA, Schoorl M, Does WV, Minnen AV (2026). Phase-based treatment versus immediate prolonged exposure for childhood abuse-related PTSD: The role of emotion regulation improvement in predicting PTSD symptom reduction. Journal of anxiety disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103174

Fisher V, Copel LC, Meyers S (2026). Repressed Anxiety: A Concept Analysis. Issues in mental health nursing. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2026.2688855

Doba K, Pezard L, Nandrino JL (2026). Childhood neglect, abuse, and their combination are differentially associated with specific emotion regulation and mental health issues. Communications psychology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-026-00501-z

Sebalo I, Sebalo Vňuková M, Anders M (2026). Burned aggression: the relationship between burnout and aggressive behaviour among young adults in Czechia. Frontiers in psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1872129

Morin E, Demers RM, Hazel L, Martin-Gagnon G, Wais M, Normandin L, Ensink K (2026). From Childhood Emotional Abuse to Adolescent Dissociation: The Role of Borderline Personality Features. Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD). https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2026.2701717

Wei X, Lü W (2026). Childhood trauma, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms in parents and adolescents: Actor-partner interdependence analysis. Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43). https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001519

Kirchhoff C, Riedl D, Kampling H, Nolte T, Kruse J, Eke S, Sachser C, Fegert JM, Clemens V, Brähler E, Grote V, Lampe A (2026). Beyond the mind: Depersonalization and derealization as risk factors for physical health in the German general population. Journal of psychosomatic research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112850

Krause-Utz A, van Dijke A (2026). Absorption and Depersonalisation Derealisation Link Childhood Trauma to BPD Severity and Show Strong Independent Predictive Effects for Various BPD Symptom Domains. Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD). https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2026.2695585

Recovery, Resilience & Post-Traumatic Growth

P. Frewen, Serena P. Wong, T. Bailey, C. Courtois, R. Lanius (2023). As simple as possible, but not simpler: Revisiting the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) complex PTSD items omitted in the shortened version. Child abuse & neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106207

G. Zerach (2023). The Contribution of Childhood Adversity and Potentially Traumatic Events During Military Service to PTSD and Complex PTSD Symptoms Among Israeli Women Veterans. European Psychiatry; pages=S179 - S179; volume=66. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.430

Sujeong Shin (2023). A Case Study in Attachment Trauma Counseling: Focusing on the Integrative Applicability of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing(EMDR) and Internal Family Systems(IFS) Therapy. Korean Association of Christian Counseling & Psychology. https://doi.org/10.23909/kjcc.2023.11.34.4.117

Silvia Wetherell (2022). Investigating the impact of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing birth trauma symptoms. Annals of Psychophysiology. https://doi.org/10.29052/2412-3188.v9.i2.2022.67-75

Daniela Lempertz, M. Vasileva, Luise Brandstetter, R. Bering, Franka Metzner (2022). Short-term eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to treat children with posttraumatic stress symptoms after single trauma: A case series. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry; pages=450 - 464; volume=28. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221082395

A. Aizik-Reebs, Iftach Amir, K. Yuval, Yuval Hadash, Amit Bernstein (2022). Candidate mechanisms of action of mindfulness-based trauma recovery for refugees (MBTR-R): Self-compassion and self-criticism. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000716

D. Murphy, T. Karatzias, W. Busuttil, N. Greenberg, M. Shevlin (2021). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) in treatment seeking veterans: risk factors and comorbidity. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology; pages=1289 - 1298; volume=56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02028-6

C. Ratliff (2021). The Neurobiology of the Healing Arts: Expressive Arts Therapy as an Effective Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with Complex PTSD due to Complex Trauma in Childhood: A Literature Review.

Yuxin Tian, Wenqi Li, Xinchun Wu, Xiaochun Cheng (2021). Complex PTSD in Chinese Adolescents Exposed to Childhood Trauma: A Latent Profile Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence; pages=NP20190 - NP20211; volume=37. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211050111

G. Ho, T. Karatzias, F. Vallières, K. Bondjers, M. Shevlin, M. Cloitre, M. Ben-Ezra, J. Bisson, N. Roberts, Laurence Astill Wright, P. Hyland (2021). Complex PTSD symptoms mediate the association between childhood trauma and physical health problems. Journal of psychosomatic research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110358

R. Perri, Paola Castelli, Cecilia La Rosa, Teresa Zucchi, Antonio Onofri (2021). COVID-19, Isolation, Quarantine: On the Efficacy of Internet-Based Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Ongoing Trauma. Brain Sciences; volume=11. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050579

T. Karatzias, M. Shevlin, Claire Fyvie, Graeme Grandison, M. Garozi, Emma Latham, M. Sinclair, G. Ho, G. McAnee, F Lavasani, P. Hyland (2020). Adverse and benevolent childhood experiences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD): implications for trauma-focused therapies. European Journal of Psychotraumatology; volume=11. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1793599

T. Karatzias, M. Shevlin, F Lavasani, Claire Fyvie, Graeme Grandison, P. Hyland, M. Cloitre (2020). Childhood trauma, attachment orientation, and complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms in a clinical sample: Implications for treatment. Development and Psychopathology; pages=1192 - 1197; volume=34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001509

G. Ho, T. Karatzias, M. Cloitre, Athena C. Y. Chan, D. Bressington, W. Chien, P. Hyland, M. Shevlin (2019). Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). European Journal of Psychotraumatology; volume=10. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718

C. Irons, S. Lad (2017). Using Compassion Focused Therapy to Work with Shame and Self-Criticism in Complex Trauma. ; pages=1743; volume=3.